This article presents an archaeological analysis of some of the discourses and practices that played a decisive role in the effectuation of the Conquest of America and the establishment of a political order based on a racial prejudice and domination. A political order that was, in consequence, extremely exclusionary and violent. This research is based on the concepts of biopolitics and anthropological machine created by Giorgio Agamben, as well as on the relationship that exists between them and the communities founded (...) on identitarian principles; the researches of post-colonial philosophers; and Carl Schmit’s writings on International Law. The analysis of the Aristotelian-Thomistic conception of the human being, the geographical division of the World created from Europe, and the political treaties concluded between the emerging European States during fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, allows me to propose the Conquest of America as a paradigmatic case of this form of power that has characterized Western politics: biopolitics. (shrink)

Norms are a pervasive yet mysterious feature of social life. In Explaining Norms, four philosophers and social scientists team up to grapple with some of the many mysteries, offering a comprehensive account of norms: what they are; how and why they emerge, persist and change; and how they work.

100 años después de la primera edición de la Defensa de la hispanidad de Ramiro de Maeztu, pocos son los que no asocian la obra con el franquismo más rancio. Sin embargo, cuando uno tropieza sin prejuicios con la obra, casi por casualidad, puede encontrar en ella un llamamiento a algo más profundo que los anhelos de un mundo decimonónico y oscuro, donde la ley de Dios lo dirige todo inflexiblemente. Sin poder negar el rigorismo católico del vitoriano, encontramos en (...) sus páginas un encuentro íntimo con las raíces de España y la Hispanidad, de una España y una Hispanidad que, según el autor, han perdido el norte, análisis que podemos compartir en mayor o menor medida según los argumentos de Maeztu, que iremos desgranando a lo largo del artículo. Posteriormente concluiremos que, aunque parte de su discurso ha de ser tomado con cautela, buena parte de la obra sigue teniendo vigencia y ha de ser tenido en cuenta en cualquier intento de regeneración ideológica de nuestro país o de la Hispanidad en conjunto. (shrink)

In the context of technological advances, the concept of digital justice is emerging, an extra-judicial sphere that uses technologies such as artificial intelligence to address controversial situations through physical assistants or even robots, if the litigant so wishes. Thus, while AI is effective in resolving simple disputes without human intervention, even UNESCO warns against its exclusivity in more complicated cases. From this perspective, through a qualitative approach and literature review, this research focused on examining the benefits and limitations of AI (...) in the administration of justice. The review of the academic literature reveals that this technology facilitates the functions performed by judges and lawyers in controversial situations. The studies, however, point to the importance of using human intelligence in law making and more general judicial processes. In conclusion, AI improves the efficiency of the administration of justice; however, its place in judicial operations and process should only be complementary to the use of human intervention. This action maintains fairness and considers the ethical point at stake, reaffirms the existence of some irreplaceable human capabilities in the judicial process. (shrink)

Las células madre embrionarias humanas son células pluripotentes con potenciales aplicaciones en medicina regenerativa e interés considerable en investigación y biotecnología. Sin embargo, dada la estrecha relación con principios morales y bioéticos, ha existido una considerable discusión sobre la posibilidad de patentar o no este tipo de células madre. En el presente artículo, se revisa la legislación europea en materia de propiedad industrial, y la tradición del sistema jurídico continental en el reconocimiento de la dignidad humana como principio fundamental y (...) su relación con la protección de invenciones biotecnológicas, centrados en la reciente sentencia del caso Brüstle v. Greenpeace e.V. (shrink)

La investigación que aquí se presenta es una reflexión en torno a la idea de cultura constitucional. Para ello se parte primero de una serie de conceptos constitucionales basilares, para posteriormente desgranar cuál es el concepto y caracteres de la noción, sus principales desarrollos para posteriormente fijar la vista en España y su peculiar idiosincrasia constitucional, de ayer, hoy y siempre.

La presente contribución indaga una dimensión de la intensa y compleja relación intelectual entre Henri de Lubac y Michel de Certeau, graficada en el paso del Corpus Mysticum a La fábula mística. En particular nos detenemos en una arista del proyecto intelectual de Lubac que busca desempolvar las potencialidades de la simbólica medieval para contrarrestar las nefastas derivas de la racionalidad moderna. Dicho proyecto se inspira en una ontología sacramental y en la centralidad de la allegoria in factis, heredada del (...) pensamiento de los Padres de la Iglesia. La reflexión que realiza Certeau en La fábula mística muestra ser no solo la continuación del Corpus Mysticum de Lubac, sino que de manera tangencial evidencia los límites del proyecto de su maestro, a través de su atención lúcida a la ruptura nominalista. Certeau muestra así que la emergencia de la mística moderna de los siglos xvi-xvii nace como respuesta al desaplazamiento de la allegoria in factis a la allegoria in verbis, que estaría a la raíz de la desontologización del lenguaje y del cisma entre la experiencia espiritual y la teología. (shrink)

This work presents results of improvement in the productivity of Arthrospira platensis in a company dedicated to its production. The six sigma methodology was applied in production processes that require the use of bioreactors. Starting from the analysis of the current state, aspects, physical and chemical variables that directly influence the productivity achieved were identified. Various culture media were tested and subsequently scaled for industrial production. In addition, the incorporation of carbon into the culture medium was controlled, optimizing the range (...) of potential hydrogen pH. The identified parameters were measured and six sigma methodology strategies were assigned. An improvement in productivity corresponding to 66% was verified with the same quality of final product. Keywords: Six sigma, Bioreactors, Productivity, Arthrospira platensis. References [1]E. Ariawan and A. Makalew, “Smart Micro Farm: Sustainable Algae Spirulina Growth Monitoring System” in 10th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Bali, 2018, pp.1-4. [2]L. Socconini and C. Reato, Lean six sigma: sistema de gestión para liderar empresas. Primera edición. Barcelona: Marge Books, 2019. [3]H. Gutiérrez, Calidad and productividad. Cuarta edición. México D.F.: McGraw-Hill Interamericana, 2014. [4]G. Usharani, P. Saranraj and D. Kanchana, “Spirulina Cultivation: A Review” in International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1327-1336, December 2012. [5]J. Udin, O. Gani, A. Mahato, I. Sakib and M. Rakiuzzaman, SPIRULINA PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT PHOTOBIOREACTORS ON ROOFTOP, International Journal of Business, Social and Scientific Research, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 15-19, January 2020. [6]M. Arredondo, Contabilidad y análisis de costos. Primera edición. México D.F.: Grupo Editorial Patria, 2015. [7]J. García, Contabilidad de costos. Cuarta edición. México D.F.: McGraw-Hill Interamericana, 2014. [8]L. Socconini, Certificación Lean Six Sigma Green Belt para la excelencia en los negocios. Primera edición. Barcelona: Marge Books, 2015. [9]A. Vian, Introducción a la Química Industrial. Segunda edición. Buenos Aires: Reverté, 2012. [10]S. Milton, Estadística para Biología y Ciencias de la Salud. Tercera edición. Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana, 2014. (shrink)

Concepts of "third culture" (Snow, 1963; Brockman, 1991), "science wars" (Andrew Ross, 1995) and their mutual relationship are reviewed and analyzed from diverse scientific, sociological, historical and philosophical perspectives. An interpretation sets out from the philosophy that implies the plura..

En su obra The Idea of Justice, Amartya Sen expone una crítica a lo que denomina «teoría transcendental de la justicia», argumentando que su papel resulta irrelevante para guiar las acciones requeridas para combatir la injusticia en condiciones no-ideales. En este trabajo exploramos una posible relación de compatibilidad entre el enfoque comparativo auspiciado por Sen y un marco mínimo transcendental de justicia global que constriña las elecciones para evitar trayectorias institucionales que desemboquen en escenarios incompatibles con las concepciones de justicia (...) que generaron las evaluaciones originales. (shrink)

Reseña a García Figueroa, Alfonso. Moral de victoria. Terrasa: Hexis, 2021, 368 pp.

El artículo presenta el análisis de las implicaciones de evaluar la comprensión de lectura y la redacción en pruebas de ingreso a la educación superior, como una consideración necesaria para el desarrollo de una política de competencia comunicativa. Se describe el diseño de un instrumento, partiendo de la concepción sociosemiótica de la lengua, del enfoque metodológico de la comprensión por niveles intra, inter y extratextual, ligado a procesos cognitivos, y la escritura como tecnología. Se incluye, además, un concepto de evaluación (...) enmarcado en el desarrollo de competencia, es decir, los resultados de la prueba se utilizan, por fuera de concepciones deterministas excluyentes, para mostrar un estado de la competencia y las acciones posibles de mejoramiento de la misma. La competencia comunicativa se demuestra como saber transversal, inter y transdisciplinario. (shrink)

Silence is reserved for what cannot be verbally expressed. The well-known Wittgensteinian quote summarizes an established understanding of the relationship between language and silence: because language is not enough to account for reality and thinking, it must be transcended by other means of expression, like music or silence. But what if the opposite is the case and silence is not the extension but the precondition of language, the ultimate source of meaning? This paper explores how this is the phenomenological and (...) Derridean philosophical framework of Coetzee’s novels, a literary universe created from the will to signify and build singular meanings. (shrink)

Voices on the political right have long claimed that the welfare state ought to be kept small, and that charities can take over many of the tasks involved in helping those at the bottom of society. The arguments in favor of this claim are controversial, but even if they are accepted at face value the policy proposal remains problematic. For the proposal presupposes that charities would, in fact, be able to raise enough money to provide adequate help to those in (...) need, and therefore assumes that charities are able to very significantly increase the number and/or size of donations they receive. We argue that there are good reasons for doubting that charities will be able to do this. Our argument turns on the fact that the most powerful strategy for eliciting donations—namely, allowing donors to use their donation to signal their pro-sociality—has an inbuilt upper limit. If too much emphasis is placed on the signaling opportunities donating to charity provides, donating no longer functions as an effective signal and the motivation to donate declines. (shrink)

In recent years, more and more Chinese women have joined the legal profession and have made remarkable achievements in this field. Gender stereotypes, however, which involve a deep-rooted social concept, have seriously hindered Chinese women’s development in the legal profession and have had a profound and adverse impact on women’s career progression. Based on the statistical data in the public domain as well as the ethnographic data drawn from interviews with legal professionals and informal conversations with lawyers known to the (...) principal author, this paper focuses on women in the Chinese legal profession, identifies the causes of women’s dilemmas in their career development as well as the impact of gender stereotyping on them within the legal profession in order to provide some insights on improving gender equality in China. According to the authors, the causes of gender stereotypes in China are diverse: Existing legal institutions promote and maintain such stereotyping practices; traditional gender concepts enter into and disseminated in people’s thoughts; the theory of biological determinism in the field of science misleads the general public; and the legal system constructs women’s status as workers and mothers. In view of this, it is necessary to achieve substantive equality in China’s legal profession by weakening men’s domination of the legal profession, improving the structure and ideology of relevant institutions and policies in offering women more incentives for career development, and also changing women’s understanding of and efforts against biased gender stereotypes. This will help break down China’s gender stereotypes, promote gender equality in the legal profession, and address the dilemma of women’s legal career development. (shrink)

This study aims to establish ideological effects of the pre-pandemic metaphor use in the mainstream media on users’ perceptions of their relationship with technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve that, 120 media articles from global mainstream media sources during the pre-pandemic period were collected and analysed at three levels: (1) metaphor identification; (2) deconstruction of conceptual source domains; (3) the coding of metaphorical expressions into psychological types of interpersonal relationships that are projected on technologies. The established metaphorical patterns were (...) tested in an online survey with 100 young adults and adults from Lithuania during the COVID-19 pandemic period of 2019-2020. The research findings resulted in the ideological perceptions of Reversed Agentivity and Mechanised Action characterising our relationship with technology and pointing out to the loss of individual autonomy, a lack of personal growth and more fragmented personal identity during the pandemic. (shrink)

This anthology takes a broad approach to ethics, incorporating traditional topics and texts while bringing in voices and themes that are too often excluded. A substantial section on ethical theory is provided, as are readings on topics such as oppression, sex, identity, the environment, life and death, war and terror, and caring for others. Accessible introductions and discussion questions are included throughout to contextualize material for the student reader without playing favorites among the positions at issue.

Fernando González Ochoa es un referente de la filosofía colombiana y latinoamericana y como tal ha sido tomado en cuenta seriamente por grandes escritores y pensadores a nivel mundial. Entre ellos se encuentra el filósofo francés Jean-Paul Sartre, considerado como uno de los grandes precursores del existencialismo y que presuntamente elogió abiertamente el pensamiento de González. Ante ello, en este artículo se indagará sobre algunas consideraciones que configurarían la construcción de un sujeto existencial en ambos pensadores, colocando entre otras temáticas (...) la mala fe, la remembranza del tiempo y la construcción de una reflexión basada en la existencia que tiene como punto central la aceptación, convicción y certeza de la realidad humana. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo se pretende reconstruir la noción de imaginación expuesta por Kant en la "Crítica de la razón pura", en su primera edición, y en la "Crítica del juicio" con el fin de poder dilucidar un posible papel de este concepto en el marco de la ética kantiana. -/- .

There is an important debate in the philosophy of mind that has roots in the phenomenological tradition, namely: what are the primitive forms of consciousness, that is, what are the fundamental ingredients or aspects of consciousness. This paper wants to contribute to partially answering this general question by providing an answer to a required sub-question within this question: is emotional phenomenology fundamental? I will answer in the affirmative and will offer an argument focused on contemplative emotions elicited by fiction. Another (...) type of contemplative emotions, namely, esthetic emotions, have been invoked in the literature but I will argue that the phenomenology of emotions elicited by fiction, given their continuity and sameness in kind with the phenomenology of garden variety emotions, are more dialectically efficient vis-à-vis the debate on the irreducibility of emotional phenomenology. (shrink)

In a problematic relationship with the noted continuity between Port-Royal’s Grammar and Francisco Sánchez’s Minerva, and with both regarding the recent developments in Linguistics, this essay tries to go into detail about the differences between these approaches, and specially about the relations between grammar and thought in Sánchez and Port Royal’s works.